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Evolving immunotherapeutic strategies in bladder and renal cancer

Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK

Correspondence to:
Correspondence to:
Mr T R L Griffiths
Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Unit, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK; TRLG1{at}le.ac.uk

For patients with urological cancers, immunotherapy is currently a treatment option for metastatic renal cell carcinoma, and those with "high risk" superficial bladder cancers. In this review, our current understanding of tumour immune escape is discussed. The principles and role of current immunotherapies for these tumours are described, and new areas of immunotherapeutic promise are highlighted.

Abbreviations: BCG, bacille Calmette-Guérin; ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; EORTC-GU, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genitourinary Group; IFN-, interferon-alfa; IFN-, interferon-gamma; IL, interleukin; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; NK, natural killer; NKT, natural killer T; RCC, renal cell carcinoma; SWOG, Southwest Oncology Group; TCC, transitional cell carcinoma

Keywords: renal cancer; bladder cancer; bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG); interleukin-2; interferon-alfa